““If you buy a Hebrew slave, he may serve for no more than six years. Set him free in the seventh year, and he will owe you nothing for his freedom. If he was single when he became your slave, he shall leave single. But if he was married before he became a slave, then his wife must be freed with him. “If his master gave him a wife while he was a slave and they had sons or daughters, then only the man will be free in the seventh year, but his wife and children will still belong to his master. But the slave may declare, ‘I love my master, my wife, and my children. I don’t want to go free.’ If he does this, his master must present him before God. Then his master must take him to the door or doorpost and publicly pierce his ear with an awl. After that, the slave will serve his master for life. “When a man sells his daughter as a slave, she will not be freed at the end of six years as the men are. If she does not satisfy her owner, he must allow her to be bought back again. But he is not allowed to sell her to foreigners, since he is the one who broke the contract with her. But if the slave’s owner arranges for her to marry his son, he may no longer treat her as a slave but as a daughter. “If a man who has married a slave wife takes another wife for himself, he must not neglect the rights of the first wife to food, clothing, and sexual intimacy. If he fails in any of these three obligations, she may leave as a free woman without making any payment. “Anyone who assaults and kills another person must be put to death. But if it was simply an accident permitted by God, I will appoint a place of refuge where the slayer can run for safety. However, if someone deliberately kills another person, then the slayer must be dragged even from my altar and be put to death. “Anyone who strikes father or mother must be put to death. “Kidnappers must be put to death, whether they are caught in possession of their victims or have already sold them as slaves. “Anyone who dishonors father or mother must be put to death. “Now suppose two men quarrel, and one hits the other with a stone or fist, and the injured person does not die but is confined to bed. If he is later able to walk outside again, even with a crutch, the assailant will not be punished but must compensate his victim for lost wages and provide for his full recovery. “If a man beats his male or female slave with a club and the slave dies as a result, the owner must be punished. But if the slave recovers within a day or two, then the owner shall not be punished, since the slave is his property. “Now suppose two men are fighting, and in the process they accidentally strike a pregnant woman so she gives birth prematurely. If no further injury results, the man who struck the woman must pay the amount of compensation the woman’s husband demands and the judges approve. But if there is further injury, the punishment must match the injury: a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, a foot for a foot, a burn for a burn, a wound for a wound, a bruise for a bruise. “If a man hits his male or female slave in the eye and the eye is blinded, he must let the slave go free to compensate for the eye. And if a man knocks out the tooth of his male or female slave, he must let the slave go free to compensate for the tooth. “If an ox gores a man or woman to death, the ox must be stoned, and its flesh may not be eaten. In such a case, however, the owner will not be held liable. But suppose the ox had a reputation for goring, and the owner had been informed but failed to keep it under control. If the ox then kills someone, it must be stoned, and the owner must also be put to death. However, the dead person’s relatives may accept payment to compensate for the loss of life. The owner of the ox may redeem his life by paying whatever is demanded. “The same regulation applies if the ox gores a boy or a girl. But if the ox gores a slave, either male or female, the animal’s owner must pay the slave’s owner thirty silver coins, and the ox must be stoned.”
Exodus 21:2-32 NLT
One could be forgiven for thinking that these next few verse represent additional laws for the Hebrew people. But they would be wrong. Whereas the Ten Commandments are the laws, these are hypothetical examples about how to live that law. They elucidate two things. First is that God is graceful. He cares about giving people nuanced interactions that can be understood in practical ways. Second is that the nature of these hypotheticals illustrates the needs of the people. Here we have conversations about slavery, and agrarian property. One might easily conclude that God was setting up an archaic blueprint for his kingdom. However, this couldn’t be farther from the truth. God was commenting on this he distinction that needed to be present between what the Hebrew people knew in Egypt and what it should be like amongst his people. These hypotheticals don’t represent his kingdom ideals. Instead they represent reformation of the only life the Hebrew people knew. This shows another aspect of God’s character, namely that he is patient. He is willing to wait as sin and corruption are weeded out over time so that the shock of a sudden switch to righteousness is not so jarring that it’s too hard to handle.
Purpose of Hypotheticals: Illustrate how to live according to the Ten Commandments and reflect God’s grace and understanding of practical needs.
Nature of Hypotheticals: Comment on the distinction between the Hebrew people’s experience in Egypt and what it should be like in God’s kingdom, representing a reformation of their existing life.
God’s Character: Demonstrates God’s patience by allowing for a gradual transition away from sin and corruption, rather than a sudden shift to righteousness.
